Structural Unemployment A Large Proportion Of The...

To begin with, a large proportion of the unemployed is caused by structural unemployment, which refers to a mismatch between skills demanded of workers and skills that employees could supply (Anderton, 2008:210). It includes three typical components, which are regional, sectoral and technological unemployment. Firstly, when structural unemployment exerts an influence on the economy of a particular area, it is called regional unemployment. With ‘Reform and Opening’ implemented, eastern coastal provinces of China gained considerable benefits, creating a wide range of job opportunities. While in central and western areas, the effect of economic growth was so slight that the employment rate was constantly low. Due to immobility of factors of production between regions, few corporations were willing to operate businesses there. In addition, sectoral unemployment in China results from a sharp decrease in certain industries, especially for labour intensive factories. As labour costs in China have risen remarkably, from around 16,000 yuan in 2004 to 56,339 yuan in 2014 (China Labour Bulletin, 2014), investors prefer passing those low-cost activities to low-income countries in South-East Asia, such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. US shoe imports market illustrated this phenomenon. The proportion of China for this market declined from 87% in 2009 to 79% in 2014(The Economist, 2015). Moreover, in three Northeastern Provinces of China, heavy industries used to cluster among theseShow MoreRelatedThe Problem of Structural Employment1274 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor contributing to this is the structural unemployment that is present in the country. The figures best speak for themselves both as to the existence of structural unemployment and the importance this is getting in the United States in socio-economic ter ms. The data published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistic in January 2012, reflecting the employment in November 2011, showed that the unemployment rate fell to 8.6 percent, while the number of unemployed people decreased by 594,000. At theRead MoreYouth Unemployment in Nigeria1200 Words   |  5 PagesYouth Unemployment in Nigeria INTRODUCTION Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous country in the world with a population of 154, 729,000 citizens. Our nominal GDP is $207. 116 billion and we have a nominal per capita income of $1, 4011. Nigeria also has the second largest economy in Africa. If I may ask, is this country not blessed? Yet, it is still plagued by youth unemployment which had been one of our major problems in recent years. Both government andRead MoreUnemployment And The Unemployment Rate1368 Words   |  6 PagesUnemployment happens when individuals are without work and effectively looking for work. The unemployment rate is a predominance s measure of unemployment and it is figured as a rate by separating the quantity of unemployed people by all people right now in the work power. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesian unemploymentRead MoreWhy Unemployment is Such an Important Issue?4436 Words   |  18 PagesDiscussing why unemployment is such an important issue for governments and how it can be tackled in urban areas. AUTHORED BY Simon D. Ojera CONTENTS PAGE 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 2.0 The Concepts of Unemployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 2.1 Definition..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 2.2 Causes of Unemployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 3. Effects of Unemployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 4. Tackling Unemployment in UrbanRead MoreWhat are the main causes of high unemployment in Zimbabwe? How serious a problem is it? Will land resettlement and HIV-AIDS ease or worsen the situation? Give reasons.1516 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The unemployment rate is the proportion of the economically active population that is unemployed and actively looking for employment. In 1990, Zimbabwe embarked on a programme of Economic Reforms popularly known as Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) and 1991-1992 saw one of the worst droughts. With close to 70% of the population living in the rural areas (CSO 1992) and dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, this constituted a major disaster. One result of theseRead MoreEssay on Unemployment in India1755 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Unemployment means under-utilization or non-utilization of available man-power. Unemployment refers to the state of being unemployed or not having a job i.e. joblessness. A person is said to be unemployed if he or she is looking for work or is willing to work at the prevailing wage but is unable to find the job. India, with a vast population of over 2 billion individuals, is facing the biggest problem of the century in the form of unemp loyment of worthy and productive citizens. Our country is setRead MoreWelfare Reform : The United States1435 Words   |  6 Pagesis reproachable for a government to take no action in protecting its citizens from from the effects of poverty. However, a government does not necessarily have to act even if it ought to be doing so. Realistically, the government is the only actor large enough to be a reasonable factor in fighting poverty. However, even a body as powerful and overbearing as the American government is subject to limitations. Moral theorists argue that if one were to cross a woman dying on the street, the moral thingRead MoreCauses Of Unemployment And Its Effect On The Growth Of India Essay1874 Words   |  8 PagesCauses of unemployment in India 1-rapid population growth: It is the leading cause of unemployment in Rural India. In India, particularly in rural areas, the population is increasing rapidly. It has adversely affected the unemployment situation largely in two ways. In the first place, the growth of population directly encouraged the unemployment by making large addition to labour force. It is because the rate of job expansion could never have been as high as population growth would have requiredRead MoreThe Existence and Persistence of Large Spatial Disparities in Unemployment Within National Economies Is a Central Issue in Regional Economics.2090 Words   |  9 Pagespersistence of large spatial disparities in unemployment within national economies is a central issue in regional economics. Explanations that exist within the literature for why regional unemployment disparities have been so much more persistent over time in the EU than in the US can be broadly separated to the hysteresis and equilibrium arguments. Before illustrating the analysis and strength of these arguments it is important to ascertain the scale of persistent unemployment disparitiesRead MoreUnemployment in India1892 Words   |  8 PagesUNEMPLOYMENT Employment in simple words can be defined as an occupation by which a person can earn his living. And Unemployment is the inability of providing gainful work to people who are willing to work. And for a country like India, employment has become one of the major challenges of the current economy. Despite the economic reforms and the IT BPO boom, the unemployment situation in India is getting worse. Therefore, emphasis is given on providing more employment opportunities which in

The Pregnancy Is A Time Of Growth And Hope - 1684 Words

Pregnancy is a time of growth and hope. Pregnancy is not only a biological event but also an adaptive process. This period is a time of physical and psychological preparation for birth and parenthood. Anxiety and depression in pregnant women is considered a health problem comparable in nature to postpartum depression. Music has been used for healing for hundreds of years. Some may say music maintains harmony between the mind, body and soul and is an effective therapeutic method within holistic or integrative medicine. In addition to altering mood, music stimulates the imagination and autonomic responses at the thalamic level, where feelings and emotions are transmitted to the cerebral hemisphere (Chang, Chen, Huang, 2008, p. 2581). The†¦show more content†¦Researchers used adequate supplementary efforts by mentioning additional small sample size studies on the same topic. However, few studies have examined the effects of music therapy on the psychological health of normal o r low-risk pregnant women. The majority of music therapy studies have used a small sample design and lacked adequate follow-up periods. This study was a randomized controlled trial with a prospective pretest–posttest experimental design. For many true experimental designs, pretest-posttest designs are the preferred method to compare participant groups and measure the degree of change occurring as a result of treatments or interventions. Pretest-posttest designs grew from the simpler posttest only designs, and address some of the issues arising with assignment bias and the allocation of participants to groups. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) over 18 years of age; (2) women who expected to have uncomplicated vaginal deliveries; and (3) gestational age of 18–22 weeks (second trimester) or 30–34 weeks (third trimester) (Chang et al., 2008, p. 2582). Although, the inclusion criteria seemed to be limited to healthy pregnant individuals, it was articulated well and sufficiently mentioned. The authors failed to mention exclusion criteria which could lead to biases and threats to the internal, construct, and external validity of the study. Furthermore, criteria item (2) shouldShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Child With Fraternal Twins Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesa surrogate mother. However, two years afterwards Adriana became pregnant with her first child Sebastian! Today, Adriana is pregnant with fraternal twins. Biological growth Biologically, Adriana is having fraternal twins which are come from two sets ova and sperm (AUTHOR). The conception originates just like a normal pregnancy; when a sperm and egg create an embryo. In this case, two ovum’s were formed, and each baby gets their own placenta. Fraternal twins can be of the same sex, or each babyRead MoreDevelopmental Theories in Juno Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesthe developmental process. This is because the movie reflects not only the development of its protagonist Juno MacGuff and her emotional growth and development, but also her physical development throughout her pregnancy. Juno  begins with the adolescent protagonist, sixteen year old  Juno MacGuff, realizing that her one night stand with her friend and long-time crush, Paulie Bleeker, has resulted in her being pregnant. However when Juno goes to the clinic to receive the abortion, she finds that bothRead MoreMaternal and Child Deaths during Pregnancy924 Words   |  4 Pageswere in 2009 in the world and 26.92 million only in India.2 Pregnancy and childbirth are special events in women’s lives. This can be a time of great hope and joyful anticipation3. Though pregnancy and childbirth are a natural and usual phenomenon, these events put every woman at risk of complications and it directly/indirectly affect to the growth and development of the infant. Most maternal and child deaths occur during late pregnancy and the first year of the child’s life respectively.4 EstimationRead MoreThe Problem Of The Overpopulation Problem1122 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation growth. Jennifer Weeks (2015) article, â€Å"Global Population Growth,† discusses the number of women without access to birth control. Research conducted by a nonprofit organization showed nearly 225 million women globally, including those looking to prevent conception, were in need of birth control (Weeks, 2015, p. 2). This evidence demonstrates the need for contraception worldwide and REL4 will provide for this need. If contraceptives are not offered worldwide the population growth will continueRead MoreOverpopulation Crisis1246 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide all children, who have reached puberty with Reproductive Education License of Four (REL4). REL4 is a two-step solution program that will provide education and contraception, which will decrease the population growth. Jennifer Weeks (2015) article, â€Å"Global Population Growth,† discusses the number of women wi thout access to birth control (Weeks, 2015, p. 2). Research conducted by a nonprofit organization showed nearly 225 million women globally, including those looking to prevent conceptionRead MoreEssay on In Vitro Fertilization780 Words   |  4 Pagesprocedure that offers hope to couples who otherwise are unable to conceive. This process is important to infertile couples because it gives them another chance of conceiving a child. In order for normal pregnancy to occur, an egg is released from an ovary and unites with a sperm in a fallopian tube. However, during the process of IVF, this union occurs in a laboratory after both eggs and sperm have been collected. The fertilized egg is then transferred into the uterus to continue growth. Tens of thousandsRead MoreThe Effects Of Heroin On A Pregnant Women999 Words   |  4 Pagesdemonstrated by this graph. Figure 1. Reductions in heroin and crack use during and after most recent pregnancy. Best, D., Segal, J., Day, E., ( 2009), Changing patterns of heroin and crack use during pregnancy and beyond. Journal Of Substance Use, 14(2), 124-132 9p. Another study that showed a positive result that occurred when a women was the pregnant women. In this study it cited pregnancy and the birth of a their child as the motivator to seek help and receive treatment, (Best, Segal, DayRead MoreDescriptive Statistics : Descriptive Data1303 Words   |  6 Pagesother factors that help determine weight such as height and age. Furthermore, the reasoning behind gaining the information about the women’s weight pre-pregnancy is to further glance at how many pounds each woman would need to gain in addition to their current weight to ensure their babies are getting enough nutrients for development and growth in hopes the outcome of a healthy birth weight baby. Furthermore, since we are limited to only certain criteria about the women, we can see that the average weightRead MoreSirenomelia What are the other Names for this condition? (also known as / synonyms) †¢ Mermaid700 Words   |  3 Pagesfetus of both genders What are the Risk Factors? (Predisposing factors) †¢ A normal fetus has two arteries and one vein. However, fetus with Sirenomelia only has one umbilical artery and one vein, which unfortunately will contribute to the improper growth. What are the Causes? (Etiology) †¢ Currently there is no known cause. However, researchers, scientists as well as doctors believe that a vitelline umbilical artery is a possible factor that can contribute to Sirenomelia. What are the Signs andRead MoreExercising During Pregnancy Has A Range Of Benefits, Including860 Words   |  4 PagesExercising during pregnancy has a range of benefits, including contributing to the chance of a smoother delivery, as well as reducing the risk of gestational diabetes. Even if the changes in your body make it tempting to avoid exercise, consider these benefits and then if your doctor agrees, adopt a suitable exercise regime. That said, I don t like the word regime, doesn t it sound a bit tough? Instead it may help to look at doing exercise during pregnancy as a positive life change for both you

Laws And Principles Important For Doing Business Internationally

Question: Discuss about the Privacy Laws And Principles Important For Doing Business Internationally. Answer: Introduction As per the analysis, the doing of business globally is helpful to work on the different new opportunities for a better growth and profit. The global business is based on the risks and the challenges that are related to employing the people who can work on the business development with including the success internationally (Crane et al., 2016). There are different issues where the people are opposing to the outsourcing, globalisation and the other international business practices. This includes how the company is involve in the human rights abuses in the other countries with the onslaught of the bad publicity and the loss of business. Identification The International Business Transactions include the selling of the products and the services in the foreign markets. The forms are set where there is a need to handle the two ways to sell the products in the foreign markets with the export of the goods which are manufactured domestically or internationally. The manufacturing of the goods is done in the foreign countries that have different advantages like the lower costs, taxes or the other trading barriers. The protection of the personal information is important which is coupled with the internet enabling personal data to be distributed across the globe. The privacy has been a major concern that could be mainly due to the patchwork of the laws and regulations. The applications are set where the U.S. standards are not realistic but disrupt the established markets as well. The effectiveness is based on the development of the company and improve the fitting into the local economy (Weiss, 2014). The Labour and Employment Law needs to be handled with the proper operations. The contracting and the hiring where velocity is considered as the global key, is set with compliance, benefits and the risks mitigation. The international trade compliance, with import, export, sanctions and the corruptions are also important to be handled depending upon the venture. This is set when the US business need to work with the countries and the individual like terrorists. The corporate structure of doing business needs to be evaluated with the handling of contracts for the foreign subsidiary as a service which includes the unique costs, timelines, capital requirements and the other tax issues. The OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Trans border Flows of Personal Data is important with respect to the validity that is given to the collection, use and the disclosure of the personal data. The legal and ethical issues are related to the human rights and the pollution where not all the foreign countries have the problems of the environmental legislation. Hence, working globally, it is important that companies discharge the harmful materials into the environment and then avoid any type of the costly anti-pollution measures (Ferrel et al., 2015). The ethical approach is based on the expansion into markets to limit the environmental footprint which is needed by the local laws. Analysis The analysis is based on the support with encouraging the compliance with the standards set with the effective governance. It includes the management of the enterprise information system and the technology which includes the auditing, controlling and security with the risk management. The performance is based on the duties with objectivity with the diligence and the professional care set in with the professional standards (Eriksson et al., 2015). The maintenance of the privacy and confidentiality with information related to the activities related to the legal authority with the necessary skills, knowledge and the competence. The information is about the parties which includes the performance related to the disclosure of the different reports of the results. The support comes mainly with the enhancement of the understanding and the governance with management of the enterprise information systems and the technology (Trevio et al., 2016). The taxes are considered of threats and opportun ities in the global business where the corporate entity level is set to measure the different forms of the examination process. Here, the treaty is set with US, where there are consequences related to the different forms of the success and the failure. The intellectual properly works with the patents, copyrights, trademarks and the other trading secrets which are important for the intellectual property development. The cost of security is depending upon the enforcement of rights which are seen to be expensive. Evaluation The doing of business globally need to focus on the high tolerance of power with the ambiguity and the uncertainty that needs to be evaluated based on the new ideas and the opportunities. For the society, it is important to focus on the different habits and the working preferences that are related to work for the dynamic industries and the organisations. The work needs to be established with the proper setup and taking hold of the information, which can easily help in navigation of the to the geographic, linguistic and the religious culture. The international organisations need to work with the other countries that include the cross-cultural training with the development of skills to deal with the other forms of the cultural differences (Barak, 2016). It is important to focus on the collective society forms, where there is a possibility to promote and then work over the career advancement by doing the business globally. The organisations need to handle the highly engaged and the care er focused individuals with the ability to command and hold the qualifications for the specialised forms of the experiences and the knowledge. The cultural compatibility helps in bringing the change in the organisation where the issues are compensated with the check on how the organisation operates. This is also important to work on the local customs and the other operating conditions. Conclusion The efforts are made for the regions to harmonize the legislation, privacy laws and the other different aspects. The privacy legislation is either the non-existent or the patchwork which is set under the sector specific law and regulations. The US Organisations need to handle the business with the stringent legislation that is the common denominator for the effective privacy policy. (Blass et al., 2015). The business includes the consideration for the costs which needs to hold security for the employees where the target is to develop the formal mobility policies and then work on the increased organisation which includes the linking of the mobility with the other management strategy. References Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Blass, E., Hayward, P. (2015). Developing globally responsible leaders: What role for business schools in the future?.Futures,66, 35-44. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2015).Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016).Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Teaching a musical instrument in school

Introduction Music education is a study field that deals with training of individuals interested in music. It entails all spheres of learning including psychomotor, cognitive and the effective domain. Psychomotor domain deals with ability development while cognitive domain deals with knowledge achievement. Effective domain is the most significant and entails the positive reception of music and sensitivity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching a musical instrument in school specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The integration of music education has become common in almost all academic institutions since music has become a primary constituent of human culture. The drive towards musical achievement is of great inherent value to both the learner and the society. As an immense subject, music needs to be trained in schools in several ways (Golby 2004 p. 218). In elementary learning institutions, children are trained to use music appliances. Musical instruments taught include string instruments such as guitar and violin, woodwind instruments such as the flute, brass instruments such as the trumpet, percussion instruments such as the drum, the key board, and finally voice instruments such as the jazz. They are also taught how to perform in small singing groups and the essentials of musical sound. Even though music education in many countries has conventionally strained on western music, the contemporary learning institutions are trying to integrate the use of non-western music. Students in learning institutions are often given the chance to sing in musical ensembles. Extra music classes are also offered (Steiner Paul 2009). Music education has two distinct strands, which include general education and private instrumental tuition. This paper will determine the most effective way of teaching a musical instrument in school. It will focus on formal individual instrumental tuition and class teaching as facilitated by the ‘Wider Opportunities’ initiative . It will further examine the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches and draw evidenced conclusions. It will finally offer recommendations to improve the current delivery of instrumental tuition to enable access for all, whilst recognizing current financial and resource restraints (Green 2001 p. 128). Discussion Formal individual instrumental tuition Formal Individual instrumental tuition is an indispensable early beginning to education in music and coalesces great grounding for more prescribed lessons and immense fun. The lessons are broadly founded and comprise of teachings in rhythm, auditory skills, style, understanding, visual reading, and technological exercises.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To achieve satisfying progress, formal individual instrumental tuition ensures that each learner embarks on ind ividual music practices nearly each day. This depends on age and knowhow of the learner. It takes place at set times of the day (Steiner Paul 2009). For learners showing a particular propensity, individual instrumental tuition by competent instrumental trainers is available as an enhancement of the formal educational syllabus. Tuition in this teaching method is usually planned between the instructor and the learner’s parents. The instrumental teacher directly owes the parents. Peripatetic staff offers individual instrumental tuition to improve musical prospects in individual instrumental tuition (Golby 2004 p. 218). Formal individual instrumental tuition involves all features of instrumental training and learning that occurs either at the learner’s residence or in school. It may involve only one learner or a very small group of learners. It is usually of specific concern to the peripatetic instructor who frequently works in segregation (Hallam1998 p. 26). Strengths an d Weaknesses of Formal individual instrumental tuition One of the strengths of formal individual instrumental tuition is that the tutors are extremely skilled. Training sessions are tailored towards personal requirements hence giving each learner the best music assistance. In formal individual instrumental tuition, students are assigned an instructor that meets their wants to the maximum. The lesson content relies on the learner’s objectives and interests. Students in this learning method have the benefit of learning for pleasure since musical exams are not compulsory (Green 2001 p. 128).However, at times learners in formal individual instrumental tuition are entitled to external assessments. All ratings and levels are gratified and this enables all music styles to be considered (Golby 2004 p. 218). In formal individual instrumental tuition, the learners are taught how to play their preferred instruments. Each learner is taught at a different speed from the other and the syll abus is made in such a way that it fits the capabilities of every learner.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching a musical instrument in school specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of daily or weekly homework in this method is an assurance of a stable progress. Time is usually allocated for different activities such as theory learning, exercises, and instrumental training. Time is also allocated for personal practice under the control of an instructor (Steiner Paul 2009). Learners are allowed to discover diverse aspects and contexts of music personally. They become more creative and their self-appreciation and musical capacity increases. Additional attention offered by close relatives in formal individual instrumental tuition boosts the learner’s interests. Another strength of this approach is that there is profound relationship between the learner and his instructor. It is also in this kind of le arning that instructors are often examined and obtain training all through the year. This assists them to develop their skills in teaching (Hallam1998 p. 26). One of the criticisms, which have been made regarding the provision of formal individual instrumental tuition, is that it is elitist. This has been made on a number of grounds. First, the nature of tuition on offer is generally within the western classical musical tradition, although this is gradually changing. Secondly, and perhaps more important, this system is selective. Not everybody has had the opportunity to learn to play an instrument. Because provision has been limited, only those with perceived musical ability have been given the opportunity to learn. Money is an issue when it comes to individual instrumental tuition. Access to tuition is restricted to those who can pay, hence denying opportunities to poor families (Cain1989). Another criticism of formal individual instrumental tuition is that private instructors may fail to convey effectiveness and the learners’ parents end up paying vast amounts of school fees for this tuition with minimal or no-good outcome. Another issue involved in this type of teaching music is instrumental availability. The learner’s parents usually provide the instruments used. In circumstances where the school offers the learning instruments required, then the parents are held accountable for lost or fortuitously damaged instruments (Steiner Paul 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Isolation of learners may also take place depending on their status. This may slow down the learning process especially in cases where the learners come from different families in terms of wealth. Learners from rich families may have very expensive musical instruments, and this may not be possible to those from disadvantaged families. Problems of timetabling are a major drawback in this learning style. This is because there are no leaders and the tutor plans for his time. This might lead to poor time management since he is not answerable to any party (Hallam1998 p. 26). An evidenced conclusion about how this teaching method works is the Cantiana Music institution, which offers individual instrumental tuition to kids and grownups from beginner to advanced levels. The involved learners are required to have their own instruments at home so that they can always practice while away from school. Class teaching of musical instruments as facilitated by the ‘Wider Opportunities’ initiative Wider opportunities in music gives learners a chance to learn how to play a musical instrument for one academic year for free. The students are given an instrument for a whole year and given a loan of the musical instrument if they continue with learning into the second year. The lesson usually takes an hour every week. This is done by two professional musical instrument teachers and a syllabus music instructor. In the beginning lessons, the features of the instrument teaching centers on the basic technique development while the latter lessons allow students to use their skills in a band or orchestra bands which provides them with experience as they work in variety of performances. Concurrent to the instrumental development, the students are given musicianship lessons by instructors and visiting syllabus music teachers. The undertakings complement the learning progress and the scheme of performances ensure the student makes appropriate and important links with others. Th e system is made not only to reach students who are involved directly but also to improve musical partaking of the whole school (Hallam1998 p. 26). Widening participation initiative has become an integral part of the work done by all UK opera companies and musical organizations. Several stakeholders are involved in the class teaching of musical instruments as facilitated by the ‘Wider Opportunities’ initiative. The learners are the central point with the head teacher, the leader of music service, the class teacher, and the society musician being the experts who make sure that learning occurs. The head teacher evaluates how the musical teaching will harmonize the musical life of the learning institution. He makes decisions on how this initiative will associate with other school undertakings and assesses the probable responses from the learners, instructors, families and the authority. He identifies the necessary resources and this entails space, finance, and time. He als o judges how the musical instruments, genres, and techniques relate to the artistic concept of the society and the learning institution (Steiner Paul 2009). The leader of music service guides a group that aims at conveying an efficient and high-class service, which fulfills the corporate objectives of the education power. The music service establishes affiliations with learning institutions to utilize resources successfully to sustain expand and improve musical activities. The leader of this service thus sustains a strategic synopsis of what is achievable and available. He decides on how resources should be allocated and establishes procedures for effective introduction and maintenance of instrumental teaching. The class teacher has a central role in musical education. He provides support and motivation to the learners (Myers 2006). It is recommended that to build a victorious, sustainable affiliation, the roles, and accountabilities of all persons involved in this programme be wel l understood, and the objectives of Wider Opportunities Initiative be apparent. It is, therefore, critical that this programme receives total support from the institutions head since he is the one who keeps an eye on its delivery. He makes sure that the work force is aware of the effects and the benefits associated with their full participation. This method operates directly with the music service and due to this, learning institutions are after sometime able to purchase in instrumental provisions, musical instruments for their learners. This are bought based on the choice of instrument for each learner. Many academic institutions purchase this in ensembles to allow their learners to carry on learning in-group setting. For the learners to achieve actual wider opportunities knowledge, then there is need for the concerned institutions to arrange for variety of practices that will introduce the learners to the widest probable range of musical tools, customs and styles (Spruce 2002). St rengths and Weaknesses of Class teaching of musical instruments as facilitated by the ‘Wider Opportunities’ initiative The major strength of this approach of teaching musical instrument lies in its free charges. This allows the program to offer a chance to financially constrained students to show case their talents and have them molded into successful musicians. The program also offers learners with musical instruments that are very expensive and this has been another milestone in improving music in the society. This teaching method harmonizes and enhances the general music provision in the learning institution. This entails the national syllabus, extracurricular actions, and the comprehensive programme of the learning institution. It is in this method that live music performances for schools are provided. This ensures that the learners are aware of the various distinct music styles, types, and musical instruments played worldwide. Wider opportunities initiative ensures that the individual requirements of each musical learning institution are met. The existence of discussions between the music service and the institutions head assist in the establishment of the best programme that would improve the schools melodic community (Evans Philpott 2009). Another fundamental strength of this method is the association between the music service and the class tutor. The programme ensures that that classroom instructors and music professionals gain knowledge from one another by mutually organizing and delivering improved musical performances. Through this initiative, children are more sentient about the dedication needed in learning a musical tool, and are, therefore, more prone to carrying on with their musical studies after the programme year has ended. It balances and improves the music syllabus and culture of the involved learning institution and the community at large. It builds upon melodious events, customs, and capital within the learning institution. Instructors who are totally involved in the conveyance of wider opportunities have the chance to not only enhance their associations with the learners, but also develop their own talents as well as the resources they use in their work (Spruce 2002). Class teaching provides reachable ways into music education, and creates a progressive opportunity for the disadvantaged in the society. Severely unfortunate pupils have been dynamically involved in this programme. The lessons are usually entertaining and stimulating and since all students work as a team, then they are likely to acknowledge and appreciate each other’s efforts. Every learner in the class is involved in musical actions all through the programme. In circumstances where the pupils have a wide range of taster chances, then they are capable of making a more informed decision concerning their melodical futures due to guidance and encouragement from their classroom tutors and instrumental trainers (Evans Philpott 2009). This programme supports a broad array of musical styles and educational traditions. It introduces a variety of inventions, familiarity, and western classical melody. An evidence of this is samba tuition, which is founded on an acoustic tradition. It provides motivating and pleasurable experiences for the involved students. High developments both technologically and melodiously are also realized. This teaching method also improves musical knowledge for learners who are secluded by geography or lack of musical instruments (Philpott Plummeridge 2001). This teaching method offers high quality musical familiarity for the learner. The learners attain a safe foundation to learning a musical instrument hence increased progress. Books for learner practice are efficiently utilized, and proper guidance given to the learner. The learner has the right to write down the duration of time used in practicing. Some of the weaknesses facing class teaching of musical instruments as facilitated by the ‘Wider Opportunities’ initiative is the lack of parental responsiveness and understanding. The parents feel that school time being apportioned for music could have been used better if assigned to other subjects (Evans Philpott 2009). Another weakness is the fact that the range of choice in this learning method relies on and is usually constrained by what the music service can offer and manage. Some learners may not be technically fit to the available musical instrument and this limits their motivation and improvement (Claxton1996). Another weakness of this program is that some of the students may feel that the quality of it is low, though this is not the case, based on the fact that it is offered free of charge. This can be a major deterrent in cases where the student has a negative attitude toward the program. Recommendations Formal individual instrumental tuition lessons usually lay the ground for musical education. The following are the recommendations I would offe r to improve the current delivery of instrumental tuition to enable access for all, whilst recognizing current financial and resource restraint. For instrumental teaching to be better implemented, it should embrace originality, sensitivity, invention and a broad array of pedagogical approaches. According to Odam, the shared fundamental philosophies of instrumental teaching lie in the growth of an individual musical reaction in learners. This provides them with problem-solving abilities, which permit them to carry on learning and develop with optimistic self-criticism. The following example from the Suzuki method exemplifies this approach. In the Suzuki method with infantile children, a piece of material instrument is used for numerous weeks prior to using actual instruments. Elementary movements that are fundamental to the fastidious instrumental performance are developed using the form instrument. The learners listen to the sound and build up auditory memories of good practice as t hey establish psychomotor routines that will, with luck, become second nature to them (Odam, 1995). Musical education should be offered in such a way that it is closely associated to personal development and motivates emotional responsiveness and intelligence. Experienced and devoted instructors should be involved in instrumental tuition since every learner despite age, environmental setting, and position has a great prospective in growing musically. Learners who embark on instrumental tuition should be optimistic towards obtaining fulfillment and pleasure. The opportunity for all learners, whether young or aged, to learn how to play a musical instrument should be viewed as an enhancement of the value of life. This should hold as a fundamental value the self-esteem of instrumental teaching. It should mirror uniformly the broad areas of personalized instructions in all kinds of musical instruments (Spruce 2002). The techniques and practices of teaching musical instruments should be r esearched to enable learning of diverse concepts of international music making. The most current and pertinent research that could help in instrumental teaching should be explored and conferred. Recognition of the exclusive value of instrumental teaching should be upheld in both the neighborhood as well as the whole nation. People should campaign for improved governmental approval, appreciation and support in music teaching. Establishment of inventive approaches towards instrumental teaching should be encouraged. International perceptions on common matters influencing instrumental music teaching should be offered (Claxton1996). Research should be carried out in all fields of instrumental teaching including presentation and the consequence of capacity on social feelings and personal abilities. The findings should be distributed to musical education bodies both regionally and globally. The exchange of communication messages between the learner and the instructor should be facilitated. Ethical guidelines for training and learning associations between the instructor and the learner should be promoted. This results to mutual respect. The wants of the geographic location should be balanced with the instruments involved. To improve the current delivery of instrumental tuition, the music department in every learning institution should also provide a secure, caring, and demanding environment, where all learners can experience a wide and fair melodic educational experience. This experience should be in such a way that it accommodates all capabilities while simultaneously developing the learner’s individuality, skills, and concerns to the maximum. Learners should be given the opportunity to love and take pleasure in music in its broad context, participate in a wide array of performing activities and finally partake in an array of extracurricular activities related to music (Odam, 1995). Conclusion Class teaching of musical instruments as facilitated by the ‘ Wider Opportunities’ initiative is the most effective criteria in learning a musical instrument. Learning institutions using this method may wish to aim at teachers with specific strengths for future musical education sustainability. It should, however, be noted that the inclusion of professionals in the conveyance of wider opportunities is crucial. Wider opportunities initiative assist build affiliations with the music service as well as the community. It is a long lasting initiative and therefore learning institutions have to put into consideration what will ensue as the next group of learners switch to the subsequent wider opportunities next year. This ensures that this programme is maintained and learners wishing to go on with musical education have the opportunity. This may entail the establishment of a new school band as well as improved instrumental lessons (Myers 2006). This programme has further aggravated, thrilled, and enabled many young musicians to carry out musi c activities. In reality, this programme has acted as a beginning of a musical journey for learners. Sustainability is its guiding principle. Wider opportunities initiative is thus the answer to class teaching of musical instruments References Cain, M. (1989) The postman always rings twice. New York: Vintage Books Claxton, G. (1996) Liberating the learner: lessons for professional development in education. Routledge: Routledge Publishers Evans, J., Philpott, C., (2009) A Practical Guide to Teaching Music in the Secondary School. New York: Taylor Francis Golby, J. (2004) Instrumental teaching in nineteenth-century Britain. Aldershot: England Ashgate. Green, L. (2001) How popular musicians learn: a way ahead for music education  Burlington: Ashgat Hallam, S. (1998) Instrumental teaching: a practical guide to better teaching and  learning. Oxford: Heinemann Educational. Myers, K. (2006) Teaching children music in the elementary school. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Philpott, C. , Plummeridge, C., (2001) Issues in music teaching. Routledge: Routledge Publishers Spruce, G. (2002) Teaching music in secondary schools: a reader. Routledge: Routledge Publishers Steiner, T., Paul, J., (2009) Musical futures: an approach to teaching and learning. London: Paul Hamlyn Foundation This essay on Teaching a musical instrument in school was written and submitted by user Emmitt B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 Essay Example

M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 Essay Example M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 Essay M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 Essay Managing Performance When looking at performance management it can be defined as (1) ‘a process which contributes to effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. As such it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure it is achieved. ’ We can see from this definition that managing performance is crucial to the overall performance of the organisation and meeting its goals and objectives. This process must then be strategic but also link other aspects of the organisation such as individuals and teams. As defined above, performance management is ultimately about achieving high levels of organisational performance. As managers we must use performance management as a continuous process that aims to improve develop the individuals in our team. MITIE uses the below diagram to illustrate that the process is continuous. (2) Within my role as Admin Manager I have 3 people directly reporting in to me. As a team we are largely responsible for the smooth running of the operations side of the business including planned and reactive tasks. The team operates across the contract as a whole so has responsibilities in numerous varied processes and tasks. Below I have highlighted some of the key responsibilities within this role in terms of performance management. * Recruitment – I am responsible for recruiting people who are qualified, have relevant experience and can fit in to the team. * Inductions – Site Company inductions are completed and help to start setting performance standard. Setting Performance standards – Features of the job that are usually continuous and based around how the team works or their behaviour. * Setting Objectives – Team and individual objectives are set to achieve specific performance targets. Also objectives are set for individuals relating to personal development. * Probation Review – Completed 3 months in to a new team mem ber’s employment. This is the first official opportunity to review an individual’s performance. Initial objectives and performance standards are also set at this time. Improvement and Development – I have to look for areas where the team can improve performance. Similarly I have to ensure the team has the skills and ability to complete their objectives. This involves development and training for the team and individuals. This is a 2-way process though and as a manager I must create a culture where the team and individuals can be at the forefront of their own development. * Appraisals – These are completed annually and are used to review performance of the individual. During this process the objectives set previously are reviewed along with performance standards. Feedback is given both positive and negative if required. Future development plan is discussed and agreed with the individual. This is also an opportunity for the individual to discuss any problems or obstacles that they have encountered in trying to carry out their role. Furthermore this is also an opportunity to take action to improve poor performance. * Absence/leave – This involves managing planned leave as well as unplanned so team performance is maintained at the required level. As highlighted above one of the key responsibilities I have as a manager is to set team objectives. These objectives must be set and then agreed with the team. Some examples of objectives I have set for the team are below: * Achieve a minimum of 96% overall KPI score for reactive task performance every month * Manage the planned maintenance tasks so 100% of statutory PPM’s are completed within legislative defined timeframe. * Manage all Priority 1 reactive requests for data centres MTXs to ensure zero SLA failures are incurred each KPI month. Within the team I also have performance standards that I set, which are linked to the MITIE’s values. Some examples are below. (3) * Take pride in delivering and improving services to the client * Understand the clients requirements and try to exceed expectations * Use initiatives to resolve issues calmly and effectively * Promotes MITE by doing the best job possible and demonstrating passion for the quality of work done * Deliver the best service by showing flexibility in approach and being open to fresh thinking * Understand and implement strategies nd processes to generate profits in line with business targets and expectations * Understand what is expected of them in support of the client and how to deliver it * Work efficiently without wasting resources or time, understanding that this effects profit * Informs manager of factors that may impact on the business * Co-operate with colleagues and clients, work together and support each other to achieve team and client goals * Recognise the impacts of personal actions on reputation of the team, yourselves and MITIE * Prioritises workload to ensure personal and team goals are achieved * Make a positive contribution to the team and the organisation as a whole * Demonstrate support for others Looking at the above we can see how many of the objectives and performance standards are linked. To achieve the objectives the team must work to the performance standards. Below I have highlighted an example of how the two are linked. Objective| Performance standards required to complete| Achieve a minimum of 96% overall KPI score for reactive task performance every month| To complete this objective the team must – * Understand the client’s requirements and try to exceed expectations. * Work efficiently without wasting resources or time, understanding that this effects profit * Prioritises workload to ensure personal and team goals are achieved| The performance standards can be applied to all of the objectives in some way and do not change significantly throughout a review year. These standards are continuous and they outline the way in which the team works. Team Objectives differ as they have defined performance areas. Furthermore they can change frequently throughout a review year. When managing performance arguably the most critical element of the process is measuring the performance. This can be completed in a variety of ways and is done so against the team objectives and performance standards set. Measuring performance against objectives differs from that of performance standards. Below I have highlighted how I would measure performance against the objectives and performance standards. In the above flowchart we can see how measuring performance against objectives involves many of the same methods. As managers we can use a combination of measures to get an overall picture of how the team is performing. Measuring objectives is usually a precise measurement with defined criteria for success and failure. For example the KPI score indicates the success and or failure of the above objectives. In the above flowchart I have highlighted the methods I use for measuring performance against the performance standards. To illustrate how a combination of measures is often required I have grouped them together. Looking at the above flowcharts we can see how objectives and performance standards need to work in unison to be successful. All of the performance standards are there to help achieve the objectives and clearly indicate to the team what the expectations are. As the admin manager I need to use a combination of performance measures so I can effectively manage the team’s performance. If I know where we are in terms of performance I can then look at development and improvement opportunities. When measuring performance there are inevitably instances where the team or individuals are underperforming. An example of underperformance that has occurred from an individual is as follows: Within the admin team I manage there are 3 individuals with similar workloads and responsibilities. Around 6 months ago one member of the team continually made errors and in some cases forgot to complete the weekly bookings for the engineers. The bookings are so the engineers in the field can access secure sites and complete routine and reactive maintenance. It is a crucial part of the role and if not completed it impacts negatively on the overall contract performance. After a few weeks of mistakes being made and bookings not being done I decided that a performance improvement plan needed to be implemented. Prior to completing this I had looked at the workload of the individual compared to the other team members and concluded that there was no difference. Next i looked at other factors that could be reasons for the individual performance. In this process I looked at internal factors such as competences, methods of work, personal problems, medical and motivation. Examples of the external factors I considered were distractions, family ; relationships, finance and other team members. Most of these factors were discussed with the individual in an informal meeting to gain an understanding of how the individual thinks they are performing. The individual highlighted that during the time where they complete the weekly bookings they were distracted by phone calls, emails and other team members so couldn’t concentrate on the completing the task. Taking this feedback from the individual I was happy that the reason for underperformance was due to distractions and time management issues. From here I asked the individual to go away and look at the tasks they need to complete in the week and suggest areas for improving their time management. The next step was to have a meeting with the individual to identify areas to improve the way they work to allow the task to be completed. It was agreed that 2 hours was required a week to complete the bookings. Using the individual’s feedback regarding time and the distractions I put together a method that would aim to remove the distractions. I suggested the following methods: * Put a 2 hour window in calendar to complete bookings each week between 10-12 * Put out of office on diverting to other team members for the 2 hours and close down outlook * Divert phone to other team members for 2 hours Move to location away from other team members to complete bookings In the process i looked to remove the distractions and give the task some structure by putting a timeframe to it. This was agreed by the individual and then cascaded to the other team members. When using this performance improvement technique I also had to consider what happens after it is implemented. To do this I used an improvement cycle which continues until the individual is performing at the required level. Below is an example of cycle: (4) For the above example we can see that after the plan stage I must measure the performance. This will involve using the techniques as highlighted earlier, in particular feedback from engineers. I must then compare these results with other members of the team. This will help to see if the improvement process can be improved or needs amending. If any changes need to be made then they are implemented and the cycle starts again. Improving performance is not a start to finish process and needs to be implemented as a continuous cycle. Bibliography 1. ARMSTRONG, M. and BARON, A. (2004) Managing performance: performance management in action. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2. MITIE Intranet – BMS Form MG(G)541 Managers guide to performance management – objective based appraisals – Page 2 3. MITIE – Performance Standards Document 4. measure2improve. econtrack. co. uk/Content. aspx? 236 – accessed 29/11/2011

Essay on The Acting Self

Essay on The Acting Self Essay on The Acting Self Essay on The Acting SelfThe study of concept of self is one of central questions in psychology.   Self-concept describes peoples’ perception of themselves.   Ã‚  People possess certain ideas about themselves and according to these ideas they choose the strategy of actions and communication. Feenstra(2013)   distinguishes self-concept as,   â€Å"the collection of things you know about yourself – such as your overall cognitive and understanding (beliefs, attitudes and opinions) about yourself†. Self-concept also includes human behaviors and reactions.   Feenstra also states that self-perception is formed during communication with other people and   through inner perceptions of one’s self.   Self-concept and self-perception influence the way people perceive others. Self-concept becomes a kind of filter which makes the person see certain information in the outside world.   Despite the fact that the notion of self-concept and self-schema have a lot in common, there are also differences between theme. Self-schema is used to organize in structure ideas and notions of self-conception.   As Feenstra (2013) states: â€Å"self-schemas organize and help us use the vast amounts of information within self-concept†.   The self is a powerful force which has great impact on our lives. It affects the way people feel, the way they perceive reality around them and the way they act.   Self-awareness is another notion which deals with peoples’ perceptions of themselves. Self-awareness is an awareness about the particular aspects of self-concept. Self-awareness can be private and public. The first one includes the awareness of inner thoughts, ideas, attitudes   and desires. The second one includes understanding how others perceive us.   This internal and external awareness based on internal and external interaction make the essence of social psychology.   Self-perception and interaction with other people make two basic values in human lives and condition these lives to great extend.   Self-concept, self-schema and self-awareness taken together compose the acting self.

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 TO 1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 TO 1900 - Essay Example ples of this differential in overall levels of freedom exists with regards to the period in time following the conclusion of the Civil War and the turn of the 20th century. As a function of this unique reality and the differentials and freedom that were existing for whites and blacks during this unique period in American history, the following analysis will seek to analyze these differentials so that the reader may gain a more informed and realistic interpretation of how they impacted upon such people and the far-reaching historical ramifications that these differentials had and continue to have. Firstly and most obviously, African-Americans were able to experience freedom from slavery as a direct result of collusion of the Civil War. Although this statement seems the very matter of fact, the overall an underlying importance that it holds should not be misunderstood. Prior to 1865, at least in areas that were controlled by the Confederacy, the practice of slavery had reduced nearly all legal and democratic rights of African-Americans and place them on a level that was comparable to property. As can reasonably be expected, the overall humanitarian, democratic, legal, and egalitarian effects that this had were profound. Yet, once freedom was one and the process of slavery was abolished, it cannot be stated that African-Americans within the deep South, or anywhere else in the country for that matter, suddenly realized drastic improvement in the overall quality of life or level of freedom that they could immediately express. As a result of the horrors of the Civil War, large sections of the South were laid waste. Cities were burned, infrastructure was destroyed, working aged men and business owners were dead, and resources that could be directed to capital investment were otherwise lost. As such, even though freedom existed for these African-Americans, at least in terms of no longer being slaves, the level and extent to which they could express this freedom and seek

Essay for maternal health Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

For maternal health - Essay Example She is 12 weeks pregnant. Time has come for Ruth to attend an antenatal check up. She needs to decide on whether she needs care by midwife or care by obstetrician. Midwives usually deliver at home and obstetricians deliver in the hospital. Though hospital settings have more infrastructure and expertise to take care of complications occurring during and after delivery, since most of the deliveries are uncomplicated, home delivery is sufficient for uncomplicated pregnancies under the supervision of midwives or any other trained health personnel like general practitioner. Review of literature indicates that most of the studies on the safety of delivery by midwife are on low-risk and uncomplicated pregnancies. Low-risk pregnancy means pregnancy which is less likely to have medical complications. This is determined by the fact that there are no obvious medical problems during pregnancy, the woman has started her prenatal care before19 weeks of gestation, has had 4 visits of antenatal care through the 28th week, e very 2 weeks for the next 8 weeks and then weekly for the last 4 weeks (Macfarlane, McCandlish, & Campbell, 2000). It is obvious that high-risk pregnancies need to be delivered in the hospitals under expertise supervision and monitoring. According to Davies, Hey, Reid and Young et al (1996), general practitioners are apprehensive about inability to handle complications arising during homebirth. Also, some studies like Bastian, Keirse & Lancaster (1998) have revealed that home births carry high death rate due to "underestimation of the risks associated with post-term birth, twin pregnancy and breech presentation, and a lack of response to fetal distress" (Bastian, Keirse & Lancaster, 1998). Certain emergencies like cord prolapse, inverted uterus, or bleeding of the mother and breathing problems with the infant, may need immediate intervention which can be instituted only when the patient is in the hospital. Since Ruths is a

The personalities of the contenders Essay Example for Free

The personalities of the contenders Essay How significant were the personalities of the contenders to succeed Lenin in accounting for Stalin’s defeat of his opponents in the years 1924-29? Lenins death on the 21st January 1924 caused huge sadness across the country. After Lenins death, everyone was eagerly waiting to know who would be the next leader of Russia. In the years after Lenins death, there was no clear successor to his leadership. However, when Lenin was leader, Trotsky was always there for him, and he played a huge role in the Civil War, therefore everyone thought he would become Lenins successor. However, as well as Trotsky there were other significant contenders, such as Stalin, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev which created a huge power struggle. I believe that the personalities of the contenders were significant in this struggle. However, other factors such as ideological battles, removal of opponents by Stalin and the consolidated powerbases also had an effect. The personalities of all were all extremely different by a great margin. The most likely to win, Trotsky was intellectually gifted which greatly benefitted him. He was also a great military leader and had good organisational skills. Trotsky has a few strong disadvantages to his personality though. His late arrival to the Bolshevik party could be interpret Trotsky as an unloyal character while his arrogance due to his intelligence made him quite a few different enemies in the Bolshevik party. Trotsky’s arrogance led to his defeat as he vastly underestimated Stalin and the threat he posed, while also decreasing his inner party support. At the time Trotsky would be clear favourite to win but his poor characteristics let him down. The next contender and winner of the battle for power was Joseph Stalin. An underdog and one of the least likely looking people to win, Stalin played his cards well and to his advantage. Being a Bolshevik from the beginning supported the fact that Stalin was a loyal Bolshevik which was a strength of his personality. Stalin being a cunning character was another strength of his and was a contributing factor to the defeat of his enemies as he was easily able to manipulate and outplay them. His ruthlessness and his ability to easily gain support due to his position and authority to promote them also benefitted greatly to the defeat of his enemies. He had a major weakness and thorn in his side though and that was Lenin’s opinion of him. The ability to easily manipulate Stalin was also a major disadvantage for him. While Stalin didn’t look it, he had just as big  of a chance as Trotsky due to his nature. Another contender in the race for leadership was the â€Å"Golden boy† known as Bukharin. Bukharin was possessed one of the best personalities of the party and his traits and strengths such as his incorruptibility and honest and well natured manner were good aspects about him. His â€Å"Golden boy† title was also helpful as it represented how liked he was by Lenin before his death. His intellectuality also benefitted him greatly and he was often referred to as the brains of the Bolsheviks. Bukharin’s main weakness though was that he ha d no ambition and he was too young. These factors led to a small support for Bukharin while his right-wing views also cut out some votes for him. Another contender, Zinoviev possessed good strengths such as being a good speaker and being good friends with Lenin. These would essentially give Zinoviev a right to the leadership of the party. He was involved little in the civil war though and his dislikeable and vain nature did little to help him gain the support he needed which was why he teamed up with the last contender Kamenev. Kamenev was also a friend of Lenin but compared to Zinoviev was from a working class background which would have benefitted him greatly due to the say and respect he would have. Kamenev had little influence though and was too uninspirational greatly denting his chances Therefore, what we can infer from the personalities and strengths of each other contenders was that Stalin cleverly manipulated and took advantage of each contenders weaknesses which led to him becoming leader. Stalin would also use the past to his advantage e.g. Zinoviev’s poor revolutionary record or Trotsky’s past allegia nces. Stalin would also use the personalities of other contenders to his advantage e.g. Trotsky’s arrogance or the fact that Bukharin has no ambition. There were also many other factors that led to Stalin’s victory though. Another way in which Stalin won was the removal of opponents by Stalin. Stalin slowly but surely took out each of his opponents carefully and concisely. Stalin removed Trotsky by creating the Triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin carefully destroyed Trotsky’s reputation with Zinoviev and Kamenev with things such as questioning his loyalty to Lenin, destroying his influence by questioning his ‘Bonapartism’ ideology and question his activities leading up to the revolution. Stalin also made Trotsky miss the funeral of Lenin, shocking the party and destroying Trotsky’s influence by a huge chunk. When Stalin had taken care of Trotsky,  he then took care of Zinoviev and Kamenev by splitting the Triumvirate and creating the Duumvirate with Bukharin. With Zinoviev and Kamenev in decline due to the influence they had in the defeat of Trotsky, Stalin easily defeated them. When that had happened Stalin quickly turned against Bukharin and with his growing inf luence Stalin removed him from the race for leadership. At the end of everything, Stalin had removed all opponents and this was a big factor in determining Stalin’s victory due to the fact that it had removed all of the people in the way of Stalin becoming leader of the Bolsheviks. Another way Stalin took power was by increasing his influence by never actually taking a side. While everyone was on either a left-wing or right-wing stance, Stalin remained neutral as to not damage his influence with members of either side. This way Stalin would face less opposition due to him not going against a large opposition of the party. His stance on things such as the NEP also came to his advantage and he both agreed and disagreed with it at different times. Stalin also took a neutral view on how fast Russia should industrialise, he personally however took a left wing view towards this.

Triangular trade :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slaves and slave trade has been an important part of history for a very long time. In the years of the British thirteen colonies in North America, slaves and slave trade was a very important part of its development. It even carried on to almost 200 years of the United States history. The slave trade of the thirteen colonies was an important part of the colonies as well as Europe and Africa. In order to supply the thirteen colonies efficiently through trade, Europe developed the method of triangular trade. It is referred to as triangular trade because it consists of trade with Africa, the thirteen colonies, and England. These three areas are commonly called the trades â€Å"three legs.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first leg of this trade was merchants from Europe bringing refined goods to Africa to trade for slaves. The merchants traded with chiefs and high authority leaders. The chiefs pretty much could and would trade whomever they pleased, there was no restriction regarding who the slaves were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the second leg of this trade slaves were transported to the West Indies, this leg was called the middle passage. This part was horrible for the slaves. About 50% of all the slaves on one ship would not make it to the West Indies because of disease or brutal mistreatment. Hundreds of men, woman and children were cramped together for most of the journey, occasionally able move an almost decent amount.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the third leg of the journey slaves were traded for sugar, molasses and other products. Those products were shipped to Europe or other European colonies in the Americas. The slaves in the West Indies were then sold to whomever wanted to buy some.

Bad Apple Theory

The government has the responsibility of upholding and protecting the rights and welfare of the people. In relation with this, the government established subsidiary bodies and organizations that will help them do their duty of protecting the people. The Police force is among the primary organization that is authorized by the government to maintain the peace and order of their jurisdiction and to properly enforce the law to anyone that will pose a threat to the security of his or her fellow individual or to the general public.However, the reputation of the police force is tainted by corruption due to the illegal practices of some police officers. This kind of problem must be immediately address but there are difficulties in properly controlling corruption because most people still believe with the Bad Apple Theory. The Bad Apple Theory tries to explain the illegal and unethical behavior of some police officers.This theory emphasize that the corrupt practices in the Police Force is due to some â€Å"bad apples† that are found in a clean barrel. Simply put, this means that corruption is brought about by some bad police officers that are working in a clean and ethical police force. This mentality hinders the proper understanding and control of corruption. Due to the fact, that this Bad Apple Theory is no longer applicable.According to the works of Tim Newburn (1999) entitled: Understanding and preventing police corruption: lessons from the literature, corrupt police officers are not natural-born criminals, nor are they bad men or women who are constitutionally different from their honest co-workers. In order to control corruption, it is essential that the barrel should also be examined and not only the apples. In this sense, the whole organization of the police force should be carefully analyzed to see its flaws that might influence police officers to be corrupt (Newburn, 1999).To be able properly prevent and control corruption in the police force, people sh ould forego of the Bad Apple Theory. Authorities and even ordinary citizen should not only be vigilant with corrupt officers but they should also give due attention to the police fore itself. It must be remembered that â€Å"corrupt police are made, not born† (Newburn, 1999). Reference Newburn, T. (1999). Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature. London: Crown Copyright.

Theory of Equity

Is equal pay the same as equitable pay? First you need to know the difference between the two. Equal pay would be a female doing the job of a construction electrician getting the same pay as her male counter part. Equitable pay is the perceived fairness when employee†s compare pay from their job with other jobs in the company. You also need to know that pay adequacy is the pay level that allows the employee to meet basic needs and to achieve a standard of living that is minimally acceptable to the employee. (Kirkpatrick 1996) the last thing to describe is Equity Theory. Equity Theory maintains that people seek a balance between there efforts and rewards and the rewards that others receive for their efforts. Thus, if one employee believes that his or her efforts are being under-rewarded in comparison to his or her colleagues' efforts, the employee will attempt to restore balance by either securing additional rewards or reducing his or her efforts. Equity pay can undercompensate or overcompensate, two forms of inequity, and cause â€Å"distress† that workers seek. The results suggest that it is not necessarily the case that each [worker] is simply out to get as much as he can for the work. There appear to be equally strong desires that each one should earn the right amount-fair and reasonable amount relative to others. Workers who receive compensation that is considered less than equitable are more likely to strike, file grievances, or eventually withdraw from the workplace if the inequity, or the distress associated with inequity, is not reduced. Equity pay also implies that underpayment produces a different reaction in workers than overpayment does, although both reactions are considered distressing. Underpaid workers may experience feelings of deprivation and of being cheated, whereas overpayment may produce feelings of guilt and unworthiness. These different expressions of distress may engender quite different strategies for reduction. How workers reduce or avoid feelings of inequity caused by overpayment. Individuals would rather raise their estimations of their own inputs than reduce the valuation of their outcomes; the latter process could be far more costly to the individual. Attitudes that devalue the job and/or its outcomes could eventually lead to job dissatisfaction, which is likely to diminish one's overall well-being. Kirkpatrick emplies that â€Å"If employee†s are not meeting pay adequacy through pay or other resources, then striving to maintain fair pay is irrelevant. † (P158) An organization that decides to base an employees' compensation on his or her impact eliminates the need for job classifications and for most compensation management tools. Although this may seem extreme, it's an attractive option, especially given the weaknesses of most classification and compensation systems. Current job classification methodologies attempt to create job level hierarchies based on such criteria as knowledge, skills and the required abilities. The logic here is that the classification system aids compensation management by providing a means to compare salaries paid to equivalent jobs throughout the organization. Compensation should be driven by an employee's contribution, not by his or her classification. Impact analysis eliminates the need for most compensation management tools, including salary surveys that sound the depths of a collective pool of ignorance. Instead of capping salaries at some percentage of what everyone else is paying, compensation can be limited by the estimated r actual return generated by the position. In those rare cases in which market pressure and operational necessity demand that a position be paid more than the return it will generate, impact analysis will keep management apprised of the negative return to prevent its being lost or forgotten. Equal pay not only treats individuals fairly it benefits us all–particularly our Nation's families. It empowers individuals to become more self-sufficient, reducing the dependence of many families on government assistance. It also rises women's purchasing power, increases their pensions, and improves their capacity to save, all of which help to strengthen our economy. During the past three decades, our Nation has made a strong commitment to ensuring that every American is treated with dignity and equality in the workplace. Legislation such as the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act has helped us make progress in correcting discriminatory practices. But we still have a long way to go before the wage gap between men and women are eliminated.

Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay Essays

Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay Essays Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay Essay Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay Essay 1587. Day 1 We arrived today on the island of Roanoke. Queen Elizabeth of England had sent us over here to get down a settlement in the new universe. There were about one hundred and 20 people on board that bantam vas dwelling of work forces. adult females. and kids. I am really happy to do it onto land after so long on the H2O in a crowded ship. The land is heavy with woods. and the organic structures of H2O that surround us are beautiful. John White has been named governor of our settlement. Day 20 I have been inside the huts all twenty-four hours taking attention of the kids and seeking to do it more like a place. I’ve conversed with another one of the ladies and she told me that some of the work forces have ventured into the forest today looking for the lost settlers. There were many gentlemen sent over during England’s last trip ; they were to get down constructing a cantonment. but ran out of supplies so one ship returned to England while the remainder of the work forces stayed here. The 15 of them that stayed have disappeared without any hints as to what happened to them. I besides heard rumours that they have made friends with the Croatoan Indians. and that they will assist us with acquiring supplies. When they returned this afternoon they announced that their day’s expedition was to no help. Soon we all have to get down calculating out a manner to acquire nutrient. we have enough to last for a long clip. but finally we will run out. Day 30 The yearss are get downing out to be the same each twenty-four hours. I have taken attention of the kids all twenty-four hours and cleaned this foul hovel up. Some of the work forces ventured out once more for hope of the lost settlers. but once more to no help. Others worked all twenty-four hours constructing places. Hopefully they will be finished shortly so we can acquire a proper roof over our caputs. John White is speaking of another trip to return to England for more supplies shortly. Day 100 The indigens have brought us nutrient today and hold taught the work forces what workss are comestible. We still are in demand of supplies though and a ship will be go forthing shortly to roll up. Our work forces have lost all hope of happening the 15 work forces who had disappeared. so groups have been on missions to happen gold or some kind of cherished metals to show to her stateliness that the new Colonies are profitable. Day 300 The ship left to travel back to England months ago. and we’ve lost all hope of its return. We have run out of supplies. the indigens are assisting us. but to remain at Roanoke is hopeless. Settlers have decided to get down a move someplace else. John White had organized an onslaught on the enemy Indians who we had heard attacked and killed our 15 work forces left on Roanoke. a few months back. but alternatively we attacked the Croatoans by accident. The Indians are non really lament on us now so we can non trust on them for shelter and nutrient. We have packed all our supplies left and ventured inland. The ship sent back to England didn’t return to the settlement for 3 old ages. During that clip England was at war with Spain and couldn’t afford to allow one of it’s ships return to Roanoke with supplies no affair how much John White begged the Queen. When England had won the war in 1590. a ship was sent back with supplies for the settlement. Once arrived on land. they discovered that the hundred and 16 people had abandoned Roanoke. All that was left was the word Croatoan carved into a tree. The settlement was neer found and the ship returned to England non cognizing the destiny of the settlers.

The Rainbow Warrior Bombing

The Rainbow Warrior Bombing Just before midnight on July 10, 1985, Greenpeace’s flagship Rainbow Warrior was sunk while berthed at Waitemata Harbor in Auckland, New Zealand. Investigations showed that French Secret Service agents had placed two limpet mines on Rainbow Warrior’s hull and propeller. It was an attempt to prevent Greenpeace from protesting French nuclear testing in the Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia. Of the 11 crew on board the Rainbow Warrior, all but one made it to safety. The attack on the Rainbow Warrior caused an international scandal and greatly deteriorated the relationship between the once friendly countries of New Zealand and France. Greenpeaces Flagship: The Rainbow Warrior By 1985, Greenpeace was an international environmentalist organization of great renown. Founded in 1971, Greenpeace had worked diligently over the years to help save whales and seals from being hunted, to stop the dumping of toxic waste into oceans, and to end nuclear testing around the world. To aid them in their cause, Greenpeace purchased a North Sea fishing trawler in 1978. Greenpeace transformed this 23-year-old, 417-ton, 131-foot-long trawler into their flagship, Rainbow Warrior. The name of the ship had been taken from a North American Cree Indian prophesy: â€Å"When the world is sick and dying, the people will rise up like Warriors of the Rainbow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Rainbow Warrior was easily recognizable by the dove carrying an olive branch at its bow and the rainbow that ran along its side. When the Rainbow Warrior arrived at Waitemata Harbor in Auckland, New Zealand on Sunday, July 7, 1985, it was as a respite between campaigns. The Rainbow Warrior and her crew had just returned from helping evacuate and relocate the small community that lived on Rongelap Atoll in the Marshall Islands. These people had been suffering from long-term radiation exposure caused by the fallout from the U.S. nuclear testing on the nearby Bikini Atoll. The plan was for the Rainbow Warrior to spend two weeks in nuclear-free New Zealand. It would then lead a flotilla of ships out to French Polynesia to protest the proposed French nuclear test at the Mururoa Atoll. The Rainbow Warrior never got a chance to leave port. The Bombing The crew aboard Rainbow Warrior had been celebrating a birthday before going to bed. A few of the crew, including Portuguese photographer Fernando Pereira, had stayed up a bit later, hanging out in the mess room, drinking the last few beers. Around 11:40 pm, an explosion rocked the ship. To some on board, it felt like Rainbow Warrior had been hit by a tugboat. It was later discovered that it was a limpet mine that had exploded near the engine room. The mine tore a 6  ½ by 8-foot hole in the side of the Rainbow Warrior.   Water gushed in. While most of the crew scrambled upward, 35-year-old Pereira headed to his cabin, presumably to retrieve his precious cameras. Unfortunately, that was when a second mine exploded. Placed near the propeller, the second limpet mine really rocked the Rainbow Warrior, causing Captain Pete Willcox to order everyone to abandon ship. Pereira, whether because he was knocked unconscious or trapped by a gush of water, was unable to leave his cabin. He drowned inside the ship. Within four minutes, the Rainbow Warrior tilted to its side and sank. Who Did It? It was really a quirk of fate that lead to the discovery of who was responsible for the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior. On the evening of the bombing, two men happened to take note of an inflatable dinghy and a van nearby that seemed to be acting a bit strangely. The men were intrigued enough that they took down the van’s license plate. This little piece of information set the police on an investigation that led them to the French Direction Generale de la Securite Exterieure (DGSE) – the French Secret Service. The two DGSE agents that had been posing as Swiss tourists and rented the van were found and arrested. (These two agents, Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur, would be the only two people tried for this crime. They pled guilty to manslaughter and willful damage and received 10-year prison sentences.) Other DGSE agents were discovered to have come to New Zealand on board the 40-foot yacht Ouvea, but those agents managed to evade capture. In total, it is believed that approximately 13 DGSE agents were involved in what the French termed Operation Satanique (Operation Satan). Contrary to all of the building evidence, the French government at first denied any involvement. This blatant cover up greatly angered New Zealanders who felt that the Rainbow Warrior bombing was a state-sponsored terrorist attack against New Zealand itself. The Truth Comes Out On September 18, 1985, the popular French newspaper Le Monde published a story that clearly implicated the French government in the Rainbow Warrior bombing. Two days later, French Minister of Defense Charles Hernu and Director General of the DGSE Pierre Lacoste resigned from their positions. On September 22, 1985, French Prime Minister Laurent Fabius announced on TV: â€Å"Agents of the DGSE sank this boat. They acted on orders.† With the French believing that government agents should not be held responsible for actions conducted while following orders and New Zealanders completely disagreeing, the two countries agreed to have the UN act as a mediator. On July 8, 1986, UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar announced that the French were to pay New Zealand $13 million, give an apology, and stop trying to boycott New Zealand produce. New Zealand, on the other hand, had to give up the two DGSE agents, Prieur and Mafart. Once handed over to the French, Prieur and Mafart were supposed to serve out their sentences at Hao Atoll in French Polynesia; however, they were both released within two years – much to the dismay of New Zealanders. After Greenpeace threatened to sue the French government, an international arbitration tribunal was set up to mediate. On October 3, 1987, the tribunal ordered the French government to pay Greenpeace a total of $8.1 million. The French government has yet to officially apologize to Pereira’s family, but has given them an undisclosed sum of money as a settlement. What Happened to the Broken Rainbow Warrior? The damage done to the Rainbow Warrior was irreparable and so the wreck of the Rainbow Warrior was floated north and then re-sunk in Matauri Bay in New Zealand. The Rainbow Warrior became part of a living reef, a place where fish like to swim and recreational divers like to visit. Just above Matauri Bay sits a concrete-and-rock memorial to the fallen Rainbow Warrior. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior did not stop Greenpeace from its mission. In fact, it made the organization even more popular. To keep up its campaigns, Greenpeace commissioned another ship, Rainbow Warrior II, which was launched exactly four years after the bombing. Rainbow Warrior II worked for 22 years for Greenpeace, retiring in 2011. At which time it was replaced with Rainbow Warrior III, a $33.4 million ship made specifically for Greenpeace.

Pretend you are the Education Secretary Arne Duncan. How would you go Essay

Pretend you are the Education Secretary Arne Duncan. How would you go about tweaking the NCLB What innovations would you implem - Essay Example The No Child Left Behind Act (also referred to as NCLB for short) mandated that by 2014, 90% of all schools will be meeting or exceeding state standards. One problem that NCLB does not take into account is that learning is cumulative. Therefore, if any benchmarks are missed in the beginning, it will be harder and harder for children to keep up to the standards when they are already lagging behind in test scores. The ISAT test measures elementary school childrens’ progress, while the PSAE (the Prairie State Achievement Exam) is given to 11th graders. The PSAE is helpful because it is the test that determines what a school’s Adequate Yearly Progress is. If a school fails to make AYP for a certain number of years, the school has to improve or face restructuring—which involves firing all of the staff and starting with a completely new faculty. Also, a culture open to learning is instilled in the new staff members. Schools may not make AYP for several reasons. One rea son might be that transfer students can bring down the general scores of a school. In fact, â€Å"The recent proposal of Senator Joe Lieberman on revamping NCLB school choice provisions suggested providing a safe harbor for one year from AYP calculations for the new out-of-district student transfers.†1 Schools that do not make AYP are generally schools that have a high number of at-risk students—who, for whatever reason—come from underserved and socioeconomically underprivileged populations. In sum, No Child Left Behind needs to be drastically overhauled so that schools that are not making AYP are not penalized, but rather are being given an extension past 2014 in order to improve further. Putting a timetable on when everyone should be at an ideal level of success is setting everyone up for failure—both students and teachers. Even the best teachers in the world cannot rush success. Improving schools go hand in hand with improving student performance at th ese schools that don’t make AYP on a yearly basis. â€Å"According to one survey, sixteen to nineteen year olds in the high-risk category were almost four times as likely to be high school dropouts as those not in the high-risk category.†2 Improving schools in the United States is going to be a time-consuming and rigorous task. In order to improve schools, one of the main foci will be to attempt to raise student test scores by having them take more practice tests, encouraging them to do more independent study outside the class, and encouraging them to complete their assignments in a neat and timely manner. In schools where there are a dense population of at-risk students, it’s important to stress values and social skills as part of the hidden curriculum. That notwithstanding, another integral part of any school is its teaching staff. That having been said, the next issue to be discussed is the quality of the faculty at schools across the country. There are sever al factors which influence a student. â€Å"At the classroom level there are three main variables which accounted for the learning of the pupil: time, opportunity, and the quality of instruction. Time and opportunity†¦influence†¦the pupil’s learning [directly] whereas the quality of instruction [has an impact on] time and opportunity.†3 Obviously, what would help tremendously is if a teacher knows how to properly budget his or her time, and spend a majority of class time implementing a lesson and then having the students work. This is the main idea of what education consists of at the high school and

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Journal - Essay Example What kinds of websites can be found on the Darknet? Web sites that can be found on the DarkNet are those of nasty or at the very least, unlawful activities including pedophile rings, arms sales or illegitimate drugs; websites that have something to hide. It is notable that websites on DarkNet are those that support things such as private communications, private communities like those who look for anonymity on the web, and besieged file sharing community. DarkNet also contains websites for outright criminals and is the source of the majority of the sneakiest attacks on the private and public infrastructures of the web (Smith, 2009). Why don’t authorities shut down these web sites? The DarkNet is a deeper and more difficult to access parts of the internet. It is not possible to police the internet in its entirety since individuals as well as groups are always devising new ways of remaining off the grid. Thus, the websites cannot be shut down since the people and groups behind th em will always revive them. The authorities would always battle with the DarkNet (Thomas, 2013). Are there valid reasons for the Darknet to exist? Even though DarkNet is a haven a perverts as well as arms dealers, it can also be seen as a citadel of a more dignified cause, that of free speech. It is of note that many nations around the world do not offer their people the freedom of speech. DarkNets offer every user the power of speaking in a free manner with no fear of persecution or censorship (Thomas, 2013). Making Hidden Services anonymous has been a refuge for dissenters in countries such as Mauritania, Lebanon as well as nations that were marred by the Arab Spring. DarkNet is utilized to host blogs in nations wherein the exchange of ideas is disapproved of. Moreover, DarkNet websites also reflect sites which draw corporate or governmental angst, like Wikileaks. Other than granting a bastion of free speech, DarkNet websites also help organizations to increase their security inte lligence, and as a result, it enhances their security posture. Using DarkNet, security administrators could identify scanning activity devoid of employing complex analysis technology that requires committing already overstrained resources, and, with a decreased incidence of false positives (Smith 2008). Reference Smith, M. (2009). DarkNets. Montreal, Canada: CRC Press. Thomas, G. (2013). The Silk Road is Shut Down, and the Owner Is In Custody. Retrived from http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-silk-road-is-shut-down-and-the-owner-is-in-custody Part 2: Privacy In general, which privacy policies do the applications have in common? The following privacy policies are common in all the applications: All collect private information of the users. Policy on now they collect, use and share the information collected from users. Policy on the choices which the privacy policies offer the users, such as how to update and access information. Policy on the circumstance under which personal informa tion of the users will be shared with other parties – it will only be shared for legal reasons. Policy about information that will be always public. Which are different? Only Twitter has policy towards children, stating that the services it provides are not directed